The criminal liability of legal persons in French law

an essay in response to some key questions

Authors

  • Jean Pradel

Keywords:

Legal persons, Criminal liability, French law, Reflex thesis, Subjective element

Abstract

The article examines the criminal liability of legal persons in French law, established by the 1994 Penal Code. The exposition analyzes the fundamental question of the need for intent or negligence of the legal person's organ or intent or negligence of the legal person itself, confronting the text of article 121-2 of the Penal Code, case law, and doctrine. The text argues the reflex or ricochet thesis, according to which the legal person is liable only if the natural person performed the subjective element of the crime. The investigation analyzes the incidence of grounds for excluding unlawfulness or culpability, the meaning of the expression on its account, and the effects of dissolution or change of status. The conclusion defends the full criminal liability of legal persons.

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References

CARTIER, M. E. La responsabilité pénale des personnes morales: évolution ou révolution? J.C.P., ed. E., n. 50, 1994.

DESPORTES, F.; LE GUNEHEC, F. Le nouveau droit pénal. 1. Droit pénal général. 4. ed. [S. l.]: Economica, 1997.

DONNEDIEU DE VABRES, H. Les limites de la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales. R.I.D.P., p. 239 e ss., 1950.

MERLE, R.; VITU, A. Droit pénal général. 7. ed. [S. l.]: Cujas, 1997.

MOULOUNDGUY, Cl. L'élément moral dans la responsabilité pénale des personnes morales. Rev. trim. dr. commercial, p. 441, 1994.

PRADEL, Jean. Droit pénal comparé. [S. l.]: Dalloz, 1995.

TIEDEMANN, K.; DE DOELDER, H. La criminalisation du comportement collectif. [S. l.]: Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Published

1998-10-01

How to Cite

PRADEL, Jean. The criminal liability of legal persons in French law: an essay in response to some key questions. Brazilian Journal of Criminal Science, São Paulo, v. 24, n. 24, p. 51–63, 1998. Disponível em: https://publicacoes.ibccrim.org.br/index.php/RBCCRIM/article/view/3774. Acesso em: 20 oct. 2026.

Issue

Section

International Doctrine
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